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Somasundaram, Kumaravel
- Cancer Gene Signatures in Risk Stratification: Use in Personalized Medicine
Abstract Views :249 |
PDF Views:83
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, IN
1 Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 107, No 5 (2014), Pagination: 815-823Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease which arises due to a series of genetic changes related to cell division and growth control. Cancer remains the second leading cause of death in humans next to heart diseases. As a testimony to our progress in understanding the biology of cancer and developments in cancer diagnosis and treatment methods, the overall median survival time of all cancers has increased six fold - one year to six years - during the last four decades. However, while the median survival time has increased dramatically for some cancers like breast and colon, there has been only little change for other cancers like pancreas and brain. Further, not all patients having a single type of tumour respond to the standard treatment. The differential response is due to genetic heterogeneity which exists not only between tumours, which is called intertumour heterogeneity, but also within individual tumours, which is called intratumoural heterogeneity. Thus it becomes essential to personalize the cancer treatment based on a specific genetic change in a given tumour. It is also possible to stratify cancer patients into low- and high-risk groups based on expression changes or alterations in a group of genes - gene signatures and choose a more suitable mode of therapy. It is now possible that each tumour can be analysed using various high-throughput methods like gene expression profiling and next-generation sequencing to identify its unique fingerprint based on which a personalized or tailor-made therapy can be developed. Here, we review the important progress made in the recent years towards personalizing cancer treatment with the use of gene signatures.Keywords
Biomarker, Cancer, Molecular Signature, Personalized Medicine.Full Text
- Genomics of Indian SARS-CoV-2: Implications in Genetic Diversity, Possible Origin and Spread of Virus
Abstract Views :167 |
PDF Views:69
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, IN
1 Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560 012, IN
Source
Current Science, Vol 118, No 11 (2020), Pagination: 1786-1791Abstract
World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID- 19 as a pandemic disease on 11 March 2020. Comparison of genome sequences from diverse locations allows us to identify the genetic diversity among viruses which would help in ascertaining viral virulence, disease pathogenicity, origin and spread of the SARSCoV- 2 between countries. The aim of this study is to determine the genetic diversity among Indian SARSCoV- 2 isolates. Initial examination of the phylogenetic data of SARS-CoV-2 genomes (n = 3123) from different continents deposited at GISAID (Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data) revealed multiple origin for Indian isolates. An in-depth analysis of 558 viral genomes derived from samples representing countries from USA, Europe, China, East Asia, South Asia, Oceania, Middle East regions and India revealed that most Indian samples are divided into two clusters. A1 sub-cluster showed more similarity to Oceania and Kuwait samples, while A2 sub-cluster grouped with South Asian samples. In contrast, cluster B grouped with countries from Europe, Middle East and South Asia. Viral clade analysis of Indian samples revealed a high occurrence of G clade (D614G in spike protein; 37%), which is a European clade, followed by I clade (V378I in ORF1ab; 12%), which is an Oceania clade with samples having Iran connections. While A1 cluster is enriched with I clade, the cluster B is enriched with G clade type. Thus our study identifies that the Indian SARS-CoV-2 viruses are enriched with G and I clades in addition to 50% samples with unknown genetic variations. The potential origin to be countries mainly from Europe, Middle East Oceania and South Asia regions, which strongly imply the spread of virus through most travelled countries. The study also emphasizes the importance of pathogen genomics through phylogenetic analysis to discover viral genetic diversity and understand the viral transmission dynamics with eventual grasp on viral virulence and disease pathogenesis.Keywords
COVID-19, Genetic Diversity, Pandemic, SAR-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.Full Text
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